GEORGE H. W. BUSH, “A WHOLE EUROPE, A FREE EUROPE” (31 MAY 1989)
Readings
Anderson, Martin. Revolution: The Reagan Legacy, expanded and updated edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. New York: Harper Collins, 1990.
Baker, James A. III, and Thomas M. DeFrank. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995.
Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Mark J. Rozell. Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Mary E. Stuckey, eds. Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change? Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992.
Bell, David S., Erwin C. Hargrove, and Kevin Theakston. “Skill in Context: A Comparison of Politicians.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (September 1999): 528-548.
Beer, Francis A. Meanings of War & Peace. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.
Beer, Francis A., and Christ’l De Landtsheer. Metaphorical World Politics. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004.
Berman, Larry, and Bruce W. Jentleson. “Bush and the Post-Cold War World: New Challenges for American Leadership.” In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 93-128.
Bitzer, Lloyd F. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1 (1968): 1-14. Bormann, Ernest G., John F. Cragan, and Donald C. Shields. “An Expansion of the Rhetorical Vision Component of the Symbolic Convergence Theory: The Cold War Paradigm Case.” Communication Monographs 63 (1996): 1-28.
Bruner, Michael S. “Symbolic Uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989.” Communication Quarterly 37 (1989): 319-328.
Bush, George, and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.
Chernyaev, Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev, translated and edited by Robert English and Elizabeth Tucker. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Cole, Timothy M. “When Intentions Go Awry: The Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy Rhetoric.” Political Communication 13 (1996): 93-113.
Dorsey, Leroy G., ed. The Presidency and Rhetorical Leadership. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002.
Duffy, Michael, and Dan Goodgame. Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.
English, Robert D. Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Farnham, Barbara. “Reagan and the Gorbachev Revolution: Perceiving the End of Threat.” Political Science Quarterly CXVI (Summer 2001): 225-252.
Fitzwater, Marlin. Call the Briefing! Reagan and Bush, Sam and Hellen: A Decade with Presidents and the Press. New York: Times Books, 1995.
Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War, revised and expanded edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
_______. The Cold War: A New History. New York: Penguin, 2005.
_______. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications,
Reconsiderations, Provocations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
_______. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Garthoff, Raymond L. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations at the End of the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1994.
Gills, Barry, Joel Rocamora, and Richard Wilson, eds. Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order. London: Pluto, 1993.
Goldgeier, James M., and Michael McFaul. Power and Purpose: U.S. Policy Toward Russia after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
Gorbachev, Mikhail. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1995.
_______. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Borgo Press, 1987.
Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
Greenstein, Fred I. Leadership in the Modern Presidency. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
_______. The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to Clinton. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
_______. “The Prudent Professionalism of George Herbert Walker Bush.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (Winter 2001): 385-392.
_______. “Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, and the End of the Cold War: What Difference Did They Make?” In Witnesses to the End of the Cold War. Ed. William H. Wohlforth, 199-219. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Gregg, Richard B. Symbolic Inducement and Knowing: A Study in the Foundations of Rhetoric. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1984.
Herrmann, Richard K., and Richard Ned Lebow, eds. Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causations, and the Study of International Relations. New Visions in Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillon, 2004.
Ivie, Robert L. “Cold War Motives and the Rhetorical Metaphor: A Framework for Criticism.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 71-80.
_______. “The Ideology of Freedom’s ‘Fragility’ in American Foreign Policy Argument.” Journal of the American Forensic Association 24 (1987): 27-36.
_______. “Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War ‘Idealists.'” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 103-127.
_______. “The Prospects of Cold War Criticism.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 203-208.
_______. “Tragic Fear and the Rhetorical Presidency: Combating Evil in the Persian Gulf.” In Beyond the Rhetorical Presidency. Ed. Martin J. Medhurst. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1996.
Ivie, Robert L., and Kurt Ritter. “Whither the ‘Evil Empire’? Reagan and the Presidential Candidates Debating Foreign Policy in the 1988 Campaign.” American Behavioral Scientist 32 (1989): 436-450.
Jones, Charles O. “Meeting Low Expectations: Strategy and Prospects of the Bush Presidency.” In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 37-68.
Kelley, Colleen E. “The Public Rhetoric of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Promise of Peace.” Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (1988): 321-334.
Kotkin, Stephen. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Kuznick, Peter J., and James Gilbert, eds. Rethinking Cold War Culture. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001.
Leff, Michael. “Topical Invention and Metaphoric Interaction.” Southern Speech Communication Journal 48 (1983): 214-229.
Lettow, Paul. Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2006.
Mandelbaum, Michael. “Coup de Grace: The End of the Soviet Union.” Foreign Affairs LXXI (“America and the World, 1991/1992”): 164-183.
Matlock, Jack F., Jr. Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador’s Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Random House, 1995.
Medhurst, Martin J. “Rhetoric and Cold War: A Strategic Approach.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 19-28.
_______. “Rhetorical Leadership and the Presidency: A Situational Taxonomy.” In The Values of Presidential Leadership. Eds. Terry Price and Thomas Wren. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, forthcoming.
_______, ed. The Rhetorical Presidency of George H. W. Bush. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.
Medhurst, Martin J., and H.W. Brands. Critical Reflections on the Cold War: Linking Rhetoric and History. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000.
Noonan, Peggy. What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era. New York: Random House, 1990.
Oberdorfer, Don. From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983-1991, updated edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Osborn, Michael. “Archetypal Metaphor in Rhetoric: The Light-Dark Family.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 53 (1967): 115-126.
Parmet, Herbert S. George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee. New York: Scribner, 1997.
Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush, 1989-1993 (Washington: 1990-1994).
Ritter, Kurt, and Martin J. Medhurst. Presidential Speechwriting: From the New Deal to the Reagan Revolution and Beyond. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.
Rockman, Bert A. “The Leadership Style of George Bush.” In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell, and Bert A. Rockman. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 1-36.
Rozell, Mark J. “In Reagan’s Shadow: Bush’s Anti-Rhetorical Presidency.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (Winter 1998): 127-138.
Russett, Bruce. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Schweizer, Peter. Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism. New York: Anchor, 2003.
_______. Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1996.
Scott, Robert L. “Cold War and Rhetoric: Conceptually and Critically.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 1-18.
Smith, Craig R. “George Herbert Walker Bush.” In U.S. Presidents as Orators: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Halford Ryan, 344-360. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Smith, Tony. The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Stuckey, Mary E. The President as Interpreter-in-Chief. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991.
Suri, Jeremi. “Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?” Journal of Cold War Studies 4 (Fall 2002): 60-92.
Thatcher, Margaret. The Downing Street Years. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
Thompson, Kenneth W. The Bush Presidency: Ten Intimate Perspectives of George Bush. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.
Turbayne, C.M. The Myth of Metaphor, revised edition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970.
Wander, Philip. “Critical and Classical Theory: An Introduction to Ideology Criticism.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 131-150.
_______. “The Rhetoric of American Foreign Policy.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 153-182.
Zakaria, Fareed. “The Reagan Strategy of Containment.” Political Science Quarterly CV (Autumn 1990): 373-395.
Zubok, Vladislav M. “Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War: Perspectives on History and Personality.” Cold War History 2 (January 2002): 61-100.
Audio-Visual Materials
Farkas, Mark. Presidential Libraries: History Uncovered. Washington, D.C.: C-Span, 2007.
Isaacs, Jeremy. Cold War. Atlanta: CNN, 1998.
On-Line Resources
At Cold War’s End, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/at-cold-wars-end-us-intelligence-on-the-soviet-union-and-eastern-europe-1989-1991/art-1.html.
“Presidential Years.” Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/bush/essays/biography/2.
Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush (1989-1993) 8 vols. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
“Rating the Bush Presidency: Hofstra University Panel.” American Presidents, C-Span, http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents.
“Soviet Policy toward the West: The Gorbachev Challenge.” National Intelligence Estimate, April 1989, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/at-cold-wars-end-us-intelligence-on-the-soviet-union-and-eastern-europe-1989-1991/16526pdffiles/NIE11-4-89.pdf.
The Textual Archives at the George Bush Presidential Library, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/research.php.
Last updated March 24, 2016.