GEORGE H. W. BUSH, “A WHOLE EUROPE, A FREE EUROPE” (31 MAY 1989)

Readings

Anderson, Martin.  Revolution: The Reagan Legacy, expanded and updated edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.

Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky.  KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev.  New York: Harper Collins, 1990.

Baker, James A. III, and Thomas M. DeFrank.  The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992.  New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995.

Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Mark J. Rozell.  Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H. W. Bush.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

Barilleaux, Ryan J., and Mary E. Stuckey, eds.  Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change?  Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992.

Bell, David S., Erwin C. Hargrove, and Kevin Theakston.  “Skill in Context: A Comparison of Politicians.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (September 1999): 528-548.

Beer, Francis A.  Meanings of War & Peace.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001.

Beer, Francis A., and Christ’l De Landtsheer.  Metaphorical World Politics. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004.

Berman, Larry, and Bruce W. Jentleson.  “Bush and the Post-Cold War World: New Challenges for American Leadership.”  In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman.  Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 93-128.

Bitzer, Lloyd F. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1 (1968): 1-14. Bormann, Ernest G., John F. Cragan, and Donald C. Shields.  “An Expansion of the Rhetorical Vision Component of the Symbolic Convergence Theory: The Cold War Paradigm Case.” Communication Monographs 63 (1996): 1-28.

Bruner, Michael S.  “Symbolic Uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989.” Communication Quarterly 37 (1989): 319-328.

Bush, George, and Brent Scowcroft.  A World Transformed.  New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

Chernyaev, Anatoly.  My Six Years with Gorbachev, translated and edited by Robert English and Elizabeth Tucker.  University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.

Cole, Timothy M.  “When Intentions Go Awry: The Bush Administration’s Foreign Policy Rhetoric.”  Political Communication 13 (1996): 93-113.

Dorsey, Leroy G., ed.  The Presidency and Rhetorical Leadership.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002.

Duffy, Michael, and Dan Goodgame.  Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

English, Robert D.  Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War.  New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Farnham, Barbara.  “Reagan and the Gorbachev Revolution: Perceiving the End of Threat.” Political Science Quarterly CXVI (Summer 2001): 225-252.

Fitzwater, Marlin.  Call the Briefing! Reagan and Bush, Sam and Hellen: A Decade with Presidents and the Press.  New York: Times Books, 1995.

Gaddis, John Lewis.  Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War, revised and expanded edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

_______.  The Cold War: A New History.  New York: Penguin, 2005.

_______.  The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications,

Reconsiderations, Provocations.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

_______.  We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Garthoff, Raymond L.  The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations at the End of the Cold War.  Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1994.

Gills, Barry, Joel Rocamora, and Richard Wilson, eds.  Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order.  London: Pluto, 1993.

Goldgeier, James M., and Michael McFaul. Power and Purpose: U.S. Policy Toward Russia after the Cold War.  Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.

Gorbachev, Mikhail.  Memoirs.  New York: Doubleday, 1995.

_______.  Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World.  New York: Borgo Press, 1987.

Greene, John Robert.  The Presidency of George Bush.  Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

Greenstein, Fred I.  Leadership in the Modern Presidency.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.

_______.  The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to Clinton.  New York: The Free Press, 2000.

_______.  “The Prudent Professionalism of George Herbert Walker Bush.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (Winter 2001): 385-392.

_______.  “Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, and the End of the Cold War: What Difference Did They Make?”  In Witnesses to the End of the Cold War. Ed. William H. Wohlforth, 199-219.  Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Gregg, Richard B.  Symbolic Inducement and Knowing: A Study in the Foundations of Rhetoric.  Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1984.

Herrmann, Richard K., and Richard Ned Lebow, eds.  Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causations, and the Study of International Relations. New Visions in Security.  New York: Palgrave Macmillon, 2004.

Ivie, Robert L.  “Cold War Motives and the Rhetorical Metaphor: A Framework for Criticism.”  In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 71-80.

_______.  “The Ideology of Freedom’s ‘Fragility’ in American Foreign Policy Argument.”  Journal of the American Forensic Association 24 (1987): 27-36.

_______.  “Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War ‘Idealists.'”  In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott.  East Lansing: Michigan State        University Press, 1990: 103-127.

_______.  “The Prospects of Cold War Criticism.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology.  Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 203-208.

_______.  “Tragic Fear and the Rhetorical Presidency: Combating Evil in the Persian Gulf.”  In Beyond the Rhetorical Presidency. Ed. Martin J. Medhurst. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1996.

Ivie, Robert L., and Kurt Ritter.  “Whither the ‘Evil Empire’?  Reagan and the Presidential Candidates Debating Foreign Policy in the 1988 Campaign.” American Behavioral Scientist 32 (1989): 436-450.

Jones, Charles O.  “Meeting Low Expectations: Strategy and Prospects of the Bush Presidency.” In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman.  Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 37-68.

Kelley, Colleen E.  “The Public Rhetoric of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Promise of Peace.”  Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (1988): 321-334.

Kotkin, Stephen.  Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Kuznick, Peter J., and James Gilbert, eds.  Rethinking Cold War Culture.  Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001.

Leff, Michael.  “Topical Invention and Metaphoric Interaction.” Southern Speech Communication Journal 48 (1983): 214-229.

Lettow, Paul.  Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.  New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2006.

Mandelbaum, Michael.  “Coup de Grace: The End of the Soviet Union.”  Foreign Affairs LXXI (“America and the World, 1991/1992”): 164-183.

Matlock, Jack F., Jr.  Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador’s Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union.  New York: Random House, 1995.

Medhurst, Martin J.  “Rhetoric and Cold War: A Strategic Approach.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology.  Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 19-28.

_______.  “Rhetorical Leadership and the Presidency: A Situational Taxonomy.”  In The Values of Presidential Leadership. Eds. Terry Price and Thomas Wren.  New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, forthcoming.

_______, ed.  The Rhetorical Presidency of George H. W. Bush.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006.

Medhurst, Martin J., and H.W. Brands.  Critical Reflections on the Cold War: Linking Rhetoric and History.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000.

Noonan, Peggy.  What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era.  New York: Random House, 1990.

Oberdorfer, Don.  From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983-1991, updated edition.  Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Osborn, Michael.  “Archetypal Metaphor in Rhetoric: The Light-Dark Family.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 53 (1967): 115-126.

Parmet, Herbert S.  George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee.  New York: Scribner, 1997.

Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush, 1989-1993 (Washington: 1990-1994).

Ritter, Kurt, and Martin J. Medhurst.  Presidential Speechwriting: From the New Deal to the Reagan Revolution and Beyond.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.

Rockman, Bert A.  “The Leadership Style of George Bush.”  In The Bush Presidency: First Appraisals. Eds. S. J. Colin Campbell, and Bert A. Rockman.  Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991: 1-36.

Rozell, Mark J.  “In Reagan’s Shadow: Bush’s Anti-Rhetorical Presidency.”  Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (Winter 1998): 127-138.

Russett, Bruce.  Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Schweizer, Peter.  Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His Forty Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism.  New York: Anchor, 2003.

_______.  Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union.  New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1996.

Scott, Robert L.  “Cold War and Rhetoric: Conceptually and Critically.”  In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology.  Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 1-18.

Smith, Craig R.  “George Herbert Walker Bush.”  In U.S. Presidents as Orators: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Halford Ryan, 344-360.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995.

Smith, Tony.  The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century.  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Stuckey, Mary E.  The President as Interpreter-in-Chief.  Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1991.

Suri, Jeremi.  “Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?” Journal of Cold War Studies 4 (Fall 2002): 60-92.

Thatcher, Margaret.  The Downing Street Years.  New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

Thompson, Kenneth W.  The Bush Presidency: Ten Intimate Perspectives of George Bush.  Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.

Turbayne, C.M.  The Myth of Metaphor, revised edition.  Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970.

Wander, Philip.  “Critical and Classical Theory: An Introduction to Ideology Criticism.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 131-150.

_______.  “The Rhetoric of American Foreign Policy.” In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Eds. Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1990: 153-182.

Zakaria, Fareed.  “The Reagan Strategy of Containment.” Political Science Quarterly CV (Autumn 1990): 373-395.

Zubok, Vladislav M.  “Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War: Perspectives on History and Personality.”  Cold War History 2 (January 2002): 61-100.

Audio-Visual Materials 

Farkas, Mark.  Presidential Libraries: History Uncovered.  Washington, D.C.: C-Span, 2007.

Isaacs, Jeremy.  Cold War.  Atlanta: CNN, 1998. 

On-Line Resources

At Cold War’s End, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/at-cold-wars-end-us-intelligence-on-the-soviet-union-and-eastern-europe-1989-1991/art-1.html.

“Presidential Years.”  Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/bush/essays/biography/2.

Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush (1989-1993) 8 vols.  http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

“Rating the Bush Presidency: Hofstra University Panel.”  American Presidents, C-Span, http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents.

“Soviet Policy toward the West: The Gorbachev Challenge.” National Intelligence Estimate, April 1989, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/at-cold-wars-end-us-intelligence-on-the-soviet-union-and-eastern-europe-1989-1991/16526pdffiles/NIE11-4-89.pdf.

The Textual Archives at the George Bush Presidential Library, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/research.php.

Last updated March 24, 2016.