Suggested Readings

Alexander, Shawn Leigh. An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Carroll, Rebecca, ed. Uncle Tom or New Negro? African Americans Reflect on Booker T. Washington and Up from Slavery 100 Years Later. New York: Harlem Moon, 2006.

Deutsch, Stephanie. You Need a Schoolhouse: Booker T. Washington, Julius Rosenwald, and the Building of Schools for the Segregated South. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903.

Green, Hilary. Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865–1890. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.

Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.

———. Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Hamilton, Kenneth M. Booker T. Washington in American Memory. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017.

Heath, Robert L. “A Time for Silence: Booker T. Washington in Atlanta.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 64 (1978): 385–399.

Jackson Jr., David H. Booker T. Washington and the Struggle Against White Supremacy: The Southern Educational Tours, 1908–1912. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Jackson Jr., David H. A Chief Lieutenant of the Tuskegee Machine: Charles Banks of Mississippi. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.

King, Andrew W. “Booker T. Washington and the Myth of Heroic Materialism.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 323–327.

Lindsey, Donal F. Indians at Hampton Institute, 1877–1923. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

Norrell, Robert J. Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009.

Perdue, Theda. Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010.

Smock, Raymond W. Booker T. Washington: Black Leadership in the Age of Jim Crow. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2009.

Stob, Paul. “Black Hands Push Back: Reconsidering the Rhetoric of Booker T. Washington.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 104 (2018): 145–165.

———. Intellectual Populism: Democracy, Inquiry, and the People. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2020.

Verney, Kevern. The Art of the Possible: Booker T. Washington and Black Leadership in the United States, 1881–1925. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Vivian, Bradford J. “Up from Memory: Epideictic Forgetting in Booker T. Washington’s Cotton States Exposition Address.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 45 (2012): 189–212.

West, Michael Rudolph. The Education of Booker T. Washington: American Democracy and the Idea of Race Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.

Audio-Visual Materials

“Booker T. Washington Mini Biography.” Biography.com. https://www.biography.com/video/booker-t-washington-mini-biography-11188803909.

“Booker T. Washington—Tuskegee Institute.” U.S. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/btwashington/index.html.

“The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom. Booker T. Washington’s ‘Atlanta Compromise’ Speech.” Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/multimedia/booker-t-washington.html.

“Fred L. Howe 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition Photographs.” Atlanta History Center,  https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/howexpo.

“Lifting the Veil of Ignorance Statue in Tuskegee.” Encyclopedia of Alabama. http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/m-7019.

Online Resources

“African American Odyssey: Atlanta Exposition Speech.” Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mssmisc&fileName=ody/ody0605/ody0605page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6.html@0605&linkText=9.

“Booker T. Washington and the ‘Atlanta Compromise.’” National Museum of African American History and Culture. February 08, 2018. https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/booker-t-washington-and-atlanta-compromise.

“Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington.” Tuskegee University https://www.tuskegee.edu/discover-tu/tu-presidents/booker-t-washington.

“Official Guide to the Cotton States and International Exposition.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/officialguideco00cott.

“Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site.” U.S. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/tuin/index.htm.